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Here is an interesting and useful explanation of how COVID effects
change as we grow older. I've pasted in some highlights here, and
the full article from Katelyn Jetelina is below.--Manny<br>
<br>
"We already see benefits with older people vaccinated with one
booster dose having 4 times the risk of dying compared to people
with two booster doses. (Unvaccinated people had 42 times the risk
of dying from COVID-19 compared to those with 2 boosters.)...<span>But,
the FDA needs to require pharmaceutical companies to test B cell
and T cell functions—not just neutralizing antibodies—to assess
the added benefit, instead of retrospectively determining good or
bad policy...</span><span>Only </span><a
href="https://substack.com/redirect/4e41f6eb-ee10-4ce8-bf3a-bab5434b45da?r=a13t"
rel="" style="color: #0068ef; text-decoration: none;">39.8%</a><span>
of 65+ year olds are up-to-date on COVID-19 vaccines. The best
thing that this group can do is to fill the holes in their
immunity walls by staying up-to-date. This also highlights that we
cannot rely on immune systems alone, especially people aged 50+. </span><em>Everyone
else</em><span> also needs to </span><a
href="https://substack.com/redirect/8f318fd0-9660-4130-8df9-b4c2ac9ec5cf?r=a13t"
rel="" style="color: #0068ef; text-decoration: none;">do their
part</a><span> (still) to keep the more vulnerable safe. </span><span>"</span><br>
<br>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">"Fight for the things that you care about, but do it
in a way that will lead others to join you."
― Ruth Bader Ginsburg </pre>
<div class="moz-forward-container"><br>
<br>
-------- Forwarded Message --------
<table class="moz-email-headers-table" cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th valign="BASELINE" nowrap="nowrap" align="RIGHT">Subject:
</th>
<td>Why older people are at higher risk for severe COVID-19</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th valign="BASELINE" nowrap="nowrap" align="RIGHT">Date: </th>
<td>Fri, 19 Aug 2022 13:04:43 +0000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th valign="BASELINE" nowrap="nowrap" align="RIGHT">From: </th>
<td>Katelyn Jetelina from Your Local Epidemiologist
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:yourlocalepidemiologist@substack.com"><yourlocalepidemiologist@substack.com></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th valign="BASELINE" nowrap="nowrap" align="RIGHT">Reply-To:
</th>
<td>Katelyn Jetelina from Your Local Epidemiologist
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:reply+1529t4&a13t&&a1e149ef80e675108cd4a98de654465e3b7a6e1423edb4e40ea4b426c7bc632b@mg1.substack.com"><reply+1529t4&a13t&&a1e149ef80e675108cd4a98de654465e3b7a6e1423edb4e40ea4b426c7bc632b@mg1.substack.com></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th valign="BASELINE" nowrap="nowrap" align="RIGHT">To: </th>
<td><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:manny@ratafias.com">manny@ratafias.com</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br>
<br>
<title>Why older people are at higher risk for severe COVID-19</title>
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.sm\:tw-ml-3 {
margin-left: 0.75rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-mb-0 {
margin-bottom: 0px !important;
}
.sm\:tw-mb-1 {
margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-block {
display: block !important;
}
.sm\:tw-inline-block {
display: inline-block !important;
}
.sm\:tw-flex {
display: flex !important;
}
.sm\:tw-hidden {
display: none !important;
}
.sm\:tw-h-7 {
height: 1.75rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-h-screen {
height: 100vh !important;
}
.sm\:tw-h-56 {
height: 14rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-max-h-\[60vh\] {
max-height: 60vh !important;
}
.sm\:tw-w-auto {
width: auto !important;
}
.sm\:tw-w-7 {
width: 1.75rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-w-full {
width: 100% !important;
}
.sm\:tw-w-56 {
width: 14rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-w-\[500px\] {
width: 500px !important;
}
.sm\:tw-max-w-lg {
max-width: 32rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-max-w-none {
max-width: none !important;
}
.sm\:tw-translate-y-0 {
transform: translate(var(--tw-translate-x), var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)) !important;
}
.sm\:tw-scale-95 {
transform: translate(var(--tw-translate-x), var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)) !important;
}
.sm\:tw-scale-100 {
transform: translate(var(--tw-translate-x), var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)) !important;
}
.sm\:tw-flex-row-reverse {
flex-direction: row-reverse !important;
}
.sm\:tw-items-start {
align-items: flex-start !important;
}
.sm\:tw-gap-4 {
gap: 1rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-gap-5 {
gap: 1.25rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-gap-1 {
gap: 0.25rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-gap-2 {
gap: 0.5rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-space-y-0 > :not([hidden]) ~ :not([hidden]) {
margin-top: calc(0px * calc(1 - var(--tw-space-y-reverse))) !important;
margin-bottom: calc(0px * var(--tw-space-y-reverse)) !important;
}
.sm\:tw-border {
border-width: 1px !important;
}
.sm\:tw-p-0 {
padding: 0px !important;
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.sm\:tw-p-6 {
padding: 1.5rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-px-6 {
padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-py-2 {
padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-pb-4 {
padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-pb-16 {
padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-text-left {
text-align: left !important;
}
.sm\:tw-align-middle {
vertical-align: middle !important;
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.sm\:tw-text-sm {
font-size: 0.875rem !important;
line-height: 1.25rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-text-4xl {
font-size: 2.25rem !important;
line-height: 2.5rem !important;
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.sm\:tw-font-medium {
font-weight: 500 !important;
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.sm\:tw-text-pub-secondary-text {
color: #767676 !important;
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.sm\:tw-opacity-70 {
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.md\:tw-left-auto {
left: auto !important;
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.md\:tw-bottom-4 {
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.md\:tw-right-4 {
right: 1rem !important;
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.md\:tw-w-3\/4 {
width: 75% !important;
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.md\:tw-pl-4 {
padding-left: 1rem !important;
}
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@media (max-width: var(--nav-bp-2)) {
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padding: var(--size-12) 0;
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.frontend-components-prompts-WriterShareModal-module__toast--wc1bo {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
}
@media (max-width: 540px) {
.frontend-lib-ProfileSetupToast-module__headerRow--17w27 {
flex-wrap: wrap;
}
}
@media screen and (max-width: 630px) {
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__hero--24Zq7 {
padding-top: 164px;
padding-bottom: 80px;
height: auto;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: flex-start;
justify-content: flex-start;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__heroInnerRow--2ULAC {
height: auto;
flex-direction: column;
justify-content: flex-start;
gap: 32px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__heroButtonWrap--3V7jR {
flex-direction: column;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__heroImg--1E7-g {
max-width: 342px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__hero--24Zq7 h1 {
font-size: 44px;
line-height: 54.56px;
margin: 0;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__home--28JuV section h2 {
margin-top: 80px;
font-size: 44px;
line-height: 54.56px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__writerList--1rikY {
padding: 0 24px 80px 24px;
gap: 80px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__writerList--1rikY h3 {
font-size: 28px;
line-height: 34.72px;
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.frontend-substack-home_page-module__writerList--1rikY > div {
flex-direction: column;
margin-top: 0px;
gap: 80px;
justify-content: flex-start;
align-items: center;
}
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gap: 80px;
padding: 0 24px 80px 24px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__benefit--PpUoA {
flex-direction: column;
justify-content: flex-start;
align-items: center;
width: 100%;
gap: 24px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__benefitItems--emU-2 {
gap: 80px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__benefit--PpUoA img {
max-width: 320px;
min-width: 200px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__benefit--PpUoA h3 {
font-family: Cahuenga, serif;
font-weight: 500;
font-size: 32px;
line-height: 33.79px;
margin: 0;
color: var(--color-primary);
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__readingExperiences--1gQwI {
padding: 0 24px 80px 24px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__readingExperiences--1gQwI > div {
gap: 80px;
align-items: center;
flex-direction: column-reverse;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__readingExperience--3sCWK h3 {
font-family: Cahuenga, serif;
font-weight: 500;
font-size: 32px;
line-height: 33.79px;
margin: 0;
color: var(--color-primary);
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__expandCollapseButton--3UjfI {
top: 34px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__centerAlignedSection--z-lIj h4 {
font-size: 28px;
line-height: 35px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__faqs--2JSzX {
justify-content: flex-start;
gap: 80px;
padding: 0 24px 80px 24px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__faq--2A0bm {
gap: 12px;
justify-content: flex-start;
flex-direction: column;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__faq--2A0bm h3 {
font-weight: 500;
font-size: 28px;
line-height: 35px;
}
}
@media screen and (max-width: 540px) {
.frontend-substack-PublicationThreadAppLinkPage-module__threadsLinkContainer--3JR5W {
width: calc(100vw - 80px);
}
}
@media screen and (max-width: 540px) {
.frontend-account-groups-GroupManagement-module__groupSubWrapper--OIOo2 {
width: 100%;
}
}
@media screen and (max-width: 500px) {
.frontend-reader2-ManageSubscriptionPage-module__highlightRow--1lIkl.frontend-reader2-ManageSubscriptionPage-module__withPlans--3KhSk {
align-items: start;
flex-direction: column;
}
.frontend-reader2-ManageSubscriptionPage-module__highlightButtons--1lIV5 {
flex-direction: column;
width: 100%;
}
}
@media screen and (max-width: 631px) {
.frontend-editor-post-AudioEducationModal-module__modalContainer--3-T0R {
height: 524px;
}
}
@media (max-width: 540px) {
.frontend-publish-stats-pages-reader_referrals_stats-reader_referrals_stats-module__popoverWrapper--3Gh5i {
display: none;
}
}
@media not all and (min-resolution: 0.001dpcm) {
}
@media (min-width: 631px) {
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position: relative !important;
}
.sm\:tw-left-1 {
left: 0.25rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-my-8 {
margin-top: 2rem !important;
margin-bottom: 2rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-mx-0 {
margin-left: 0px !important;
margin-right: 0px !important;
}
.sm\:tw-mt-0 {
margin-top: 0px !important;
}
.sm\:tw-ml-3 {
margin-left: 0.75rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-mb-0 {
margin-bottom: 0px !important;
}
.sm\:tw-mb-1 {
margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-block {
display: block !important;
}
.sm\:tw-inline-block {
display: inline-block !important;
}
.sm\:tw-flex {
display: flex !important;
}
.sm\:tw-hidden {
display: none !important;
}
.sm\:tw-h-7 {
height: 1.75rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-h-screen {
height: 100vh !important;
}
.sm\:tw-h-56 {
height: 14rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-max-h-\[60vh\] {
max-height: 60vh !important;
}
.sm\:tw-w-auto {
width: auto !important;
}
.sm\:tw-w-7 {
width: 1.75rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-w-full {
width: 100% !important;
}
.sm\:tw-w-56 {
width: 14rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-w-\[500px\] {
width: 500px !important;
}
.sm\:tw-max-w-lg {
max-width: 32rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-max-w-none {
max-width: none !important;
}
.sm\:tw-translate-y-0 {
transform: translate(var(--tw-translate-x), var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)) !important;
}
.sm\:tw-scale-95 {
transform: translate(var(--tw-translate-x), var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)) !important;
}
.sm\:tw-scale-100 {
transform: translate(var(--tw-translate-x), var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)) !important;
}
.sm\:tw-flex-row-reverse {
flex-direction: row-reverse !important;
}
.sm\:tw-items-start {
align-items: flex-start !important;
}
.sm\:tw-gap-4 {
gap: 1rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-gap-5 {
gap: 1.25rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-gap-1 {
gap: 0.25rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-gap-2 {
gap: 0.5rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-space-y-0 > :not([hidden]) ~ :not([hidden]) {
margin-top: calc(0px * calc(1 - var(--tw-space-y-reverse))) !important;
margin-bottom: calc(0px * var(--tw-space-y-reverse)) !important;
}
.sm\:tw-border {
border-width: 1px !important;
}
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padding: 0px !important;
}
.sm\:tw-p-6 {
padding: 1.5rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-px-6 {
padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-py-2 {
padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-pb-4 {
padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-pb-16 {
padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
}
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text-align: left !important;
}
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vertical-align: middle !important;
}
.sm\:tw-text-sm {
font-size: 0.875rem !important;
line-height: 1.25rem !important;
}
.sm\:tw-text-4xl {
font-size: 2.25rem !important;
line-height: 2.5rem !important;
}
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font-weight: 500 !important;
}
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color: #767676 !important;
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opacity: 0.7 !important;
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left: auto !important;
}
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bottom: 1rem !important;
}
.md\:tw-right-4 {
right: 1rem !important;
}
.md\:tw-w-3\/4 {
width: 75% !important;
}
.md\:tw-pl-4 {
padding-left: 1rem !important;
}
}
@media (max-width: var(--nav-bp-2)) {
.frontend-reader2-Page-module__linkRow--1QoCL.frontend-reader2-Page-module__isPadded--Gbh4N {
padding: var(--size-12) 0;
}
}
@media screen and (max-width: 540px) {
.frontend-components-prompts-WriterShareModal-module__toast--wc1bo {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
}
@media (max-width: 540px) {
.frontend-lib-ProfileSetupToast-module__headerRow--17w27 {
flex-wrap: wrap;
}
}
@media screen and (max-width: 630px) {
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__hero--24Zq7 {
padding-top: 164px;
padding-bottom: 80px;
height: auto;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: flex-start;
justify-content: flex-start;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__heroInnerRow--2ULAC {
height: auto;
flex-direction: column;
justify-content: flex-start;
gap: 32px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__heroButtonWrap--3V7jR {
flex-direction: column;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__heroImg--1E7-g {
max-width: 342px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__hero--24Zq7 h1 {
font-size: 44px;
line-height: 54.56px;
margin: 0;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__home--28JuV section h2 {
margin-top: 80px;
font-size: 44px;
line-height: 54.56px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__writerList--1rikY {
padding: 0 24px 80px 24px;
gap: 80px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__writerList--1rikY h3 {
font-size: 28px;
line-height: 34.72px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__writerList--1rikY > div {
flex-direction: column;
margin-top: 0px;
gap: 80px;
justify-content: flex-start;
align-items: center;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__benefits--VLGOQ {
gap: 80px;
padding: 0 24px 80px 24px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__benefit--PpUoA {
flex-direction: column;
justify-content: flex-start;
align-items: center;
width: 100%;
gap: 24px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__benefitItems--emU-2 {
gap: 80px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__benefit--PpUoA img {
max-width: 320px;
min-width: 200px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__benefit--PpUoA h3 {
font-family: Cahuenga, serif;
font-weight: 500;
font-size: 32px;
line-height: 33.79px;
margin: 0;
color: var(--color-primary);
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__readingExperiences--1gQwI {
padding: 0 24px 80px 24px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__readingExperiences--1gQwI > div {
gap: 80px;
align-items: center;
flex-direction: column-reverse;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__readingExperience--3sCWK h3 {
font-family: Cahuenga, serif;
font-weight: 500;
font-size: 32px;
line-height: 33.79px;
margin: 0;
color: var(--color-primary);
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__expandCollapseButton--3UjfI {
top: 34px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__centerAlignedSection--z-lIj h4 {
font-size: 28px;
line-height: 35px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__faqs--2JSzX {
justify-content: flex-start;
gap: 80px;
padding: 0 24px 80px 24px;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__faq--2A0bm {
gap: 12px;
justify-content: flex-start;
flex-direction: column;
}
.frontend-substack-home_page-module__faq--2A0bm h3 {
font-weight: 500;
font-size: 28px;
line-height: 35px;
}
}
@media screen and (max-width: 540px) {
.frontend-substack-PublicationThreadAppLinkPage-module__threadsLinkContainer--3JR5W {
width: calc(100vw - 80px);
}
}
@media screen and (max-width: 540px) {
.frontend-account-groups-GroupManagement-module__groupSubWrapper--OIOo2 {
width: 100%;
}
}
@media screen and (max-width: 500px) {
.frontend-reader2-ManageSubscriptionPage-module__highlightRow--1lIkl.frontend-reader2-ManageSubscriptionPage-module__withPlans--3KhSk {
align-items: start;
flex-direction: column;
}
.frontend-reader2-ManageSubscriptionPage-module__highlightButtons--1lIV5 {
flex-direction: column;
width: 100%;
}
}
@media screen and (max-width: 631px) {
.frontend-editor-post-AudioEducationModal-module__modalContainer--3-T0R {
height: 524px;
}
}
@media (max-width: 540px) {
.frontend-publish-stats-pages-reader_referrals_stats-reader_referrals_stats-module__popoverWrapper--3Gh5i {
display: none;
}
}
</style><img
src="https://mailgun.substack.com/api/v1/email/open?token=eyJtIjoiPDIwMjIwODE5MTMwNDQzLjMuNGM4ZGI1YjZlNWNiOWRkMEBtZy1kMS5zdWJzdGFjay5jb20-IiwidSI6NDY3OTkzLCJyIjoibWFubnlAcmF0YWZpYXMuY29tIiwiZCI6Im1nLWQxLnN1YnN0YWNrLmNvbSIsInAiOjY4OTcwMjgwLCJ0IjoibmV3c2xldHRlciIsImEiOiJldmVyeW9uZSIsInMiOjI4MTIxOSwiYyI6InBvc3QiLCJmIjp0cnVlLCJwb3NpdGlvbiI6InRvcCIsImlhdCI6MTY2MDkxNDQ1MSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJlbyJ9.3Zx-oGr3O0492A9aD45UAOMqFQnsvxqexW7ooRyRcNo"
alt="" style="height:1px !important;width:1px
!important;border-width:0 !important;margin-top:0
!important;margin-bottom:0 !important;margin-right:0
!important;margin-left:0 !important;padding-top:0
!important;padding-bottom:0 !important;padding-right:0
!important;padding-left:0 !important;" moz-do-not-send="true"
width="1" height="1" border="0">
<div
style="display:none;font-size:1px;color:#333333;line-height:1px;max-height:0px;max-width:0px;opacity:0;overflow:hidden;"
class="preview">Age is the strongest predictor of COVID-19
severe disease and death. Even though those aged 65+ are the
leaders in vaccination rates, they continue to lead
hospitalizations in the U.S. and across the globe. But… why? An
onslaught of scientific information can tell us why this may be
the case. I worked with
</div>
<table role="presentation" class="email-body-container"
width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><br>
</td>
<td class="content" width="550"><br>
</td>
<td><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br>
</td>
<td class="content" width="550" align="left">
<div style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0
auto; max-width: 550px; overflow-wrap: break-word;
width: 100%;">
<table role="presentation" width="100%" cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="height: 40px;" align="right">
<table role="presentation" width="auto"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><a
href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=281219&post_id=68970280&utm_source=email"
class="tw-font-body tw-text-ssm
tw-text-substack-secondary"
style="color: rgb(128,128,128)
!important; font-family: SF Pro Text,
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Inter, Segoe UI, Roboto, Helvetica,
Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Emoji,
Segoe UI Emoji, Segoe UI Symbol
!important; font-size: 13px
!important;" moz-do-not-send="true">Open
in browser</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table role="presentation" class="header graphic-header"
style="border-spacing: 0; padding: 16px 0;"
width="auto">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0; text-align: center;"
align="center"><a
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quiere leer la versión en español, pulse </span><a
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rel="" style="color: #0068ef;
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style="color: #1a1a1a; text-decoration: none;"
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higher risk for severe COVID-19</a></h1>
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19</time></td>
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break-word;">
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em 0; margin-top:
0;">Age is the strongest predictor of COVID-19
severe disease and death. Even though those aged
65+ are the leaders in vaccination rates, they
continue to lead hospitalizations in the U.S. and
across the globe. </p>
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em 0;"><span>But…
</span><em>why</em><span>?</span></p>
<div class="captioned-image-container-static"
style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;
margin-bottom: 16px; text-align: center;">
<figure style="display: inline-block; margin: 0
auto; width: 100%;">
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width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><br>
</td>
<td class="content" style="text-align:
center;" width="1456" align="left"><a
class="image-link" target="_blank"
href="https://substack.com/redirect/d29c4a66-f9bd-4053-ac6b-2585f5620a84?r=a13t"
rel="" style="align-items: center;
border: none; display: block;
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width: auto;" moz-do-not-send="true"><img
data-attrs="{"src":"https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cb5de582-76a2-416b-8df7-c46d90ceb410_1600x647.png","fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":589,"width":1456,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":null,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":null,"href":null,"belowTheFold":false}"
alt="" class="wide-image"
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<figcaption class="image-caption" style="color:
#767676; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:
14px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.4em;
text-align: center;">Hospital admissions by
age group (CDC)</figcaption></figure>
</div>
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em 0;"><span>An
onslaught of scientific information can tell us
why this may be the case. I worked with </span><a
href="https://substack.com/redirect/c62d9705-e347-4f6c-973c-b3ea498cc14e?r=a13t"
rel="" style="color: #0068ef; text-decoration:
none;" moz-do-not-send="true">Edward Nirenberg</a><span>
to translate the science to show why boosters
among this population, especially, should be of
utmost priority.</span></p>
<h4 class="header-with-anchor-widget"
style="-moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color:
#1a1a1a; font-family: 'SF Compact Display',
-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI',
Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color
Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol';
font-size: 1.125em; font-weight: bold;
line-height: 1.16em; margin: 1em 0 0.625em 0;
position: relative;"><strong>First wall of
defense: Degrading</strong>
<div id="§first-wall-of-defense-degrading"
class="header-anchor-widget" style="font-size:
16px; height: 100%; left: -56px; line-height:
26px; position: absolute; top: -72px; width:
56px;">
<div
class="header-anchor-widget-button-container"
style="align-items: center; display: flex;
font-size: 16px; height: 1.2em; left: 0;
line-height: 26px; position: absolute; top:
72px; width: 40px;"><a
class="header-anchor-widget-button"
href="https://substack.com/redirect/a1c08070-ff92-409a-9a76-ef469e60af55?r=a13t"
style="align-items: center; border-radius:
50%; color: #1a1a1a; display: none; height:
40px; justify-content: center;
text-decoration: underline; width: 40px;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><svg
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24"
fill="none" stroke="currentColor"
stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"
stroke-linejoin="round"
class="header-anchor-widget-icon"
style="height: 20px; stroke: #9a9a9a;
width: 20px;"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0
007.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 00-7.07-7.07l-1.72
1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0
00-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 007.07
7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></div>
</div>
</h4>
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em 0;">We have a
complex immune system, but for simplicity, we can
reduce it to a few major walls of defense. </p>
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em 0;">The first
wall is neutralizing antibodies. These antibodies
are powerful because they act fast—you inhale the
virus and neutralizing antibodies stop the virus
before there’s a chance for it to get into your
cells (and start replicating). This prevents
infection from happening in the first place. The
issue is that it’s essentially impossible to
retain a high level of neutralizing antibodies
without regular, repeated exposures—and it gets
even harder as you get older. </p>
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em 0;"><span>A
recent </span><a
href="https://substack.com/redirect/84d9d526-1d80-4a64-a91d-7dea5f75bcd9?r=a13t"
rel="" style="color: #0068ef; text-decoration:
none;" moz-do-not-send="true">preprint</a><span>
study found that the number of neutralizing
antibodies you make in response to infection
differs by age: the older you are, the fewer
neutralizing antibodies you have (see figure
below). In fact, when faced with Omicron, 43% of
people had </span><em>no </em><span>detectable
neutralizing activity and, among those, the mean
age was 63.5 years.</span></p>
<div class="captioned-image-container-static"
style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;
margin-bottom: 16px; text-align: center;">
<figure style="display: inline-block; margin: 0
auto; width: 100%;">
<table class="image-wrapper" style="margin: 8px
auto; mso-padding-alt: 1em 0 1.6em;"
width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><br>
</td>
<td class="content" style="text-align:
center;" width="510" align="left"><a
class="image-link" target="_blank"
href="https://substack.com/redirect/20438e07-06e6-41c4-aecf-801bf3595918?r=a13t"
rel="" style="align-items: center;
border: none; display: block;
flex-direction: column; height: auto;
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width: auto;" moz-do-not-send="true"><img
data-attrs="{"src":"https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/924466d1-f73b-4919-9587-275a2372a640_1077x750.png","fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":750,"width":1077,"resizeWidth":510,"bytes":194073,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/png","href":null,"belowTheFold":false}"
alt="" class=""
src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_510,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F924466d1-f73b-4919-9587-275a2372a640_1077x750.png"
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<td style="text-align: center;"><br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<figcaption class="image-caption" style="color:
#767676; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:
14px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.4em;
text-align: center;"><span>Bates et al.,
preprint; Source </span><a
href="https://substack.com/redirect/84d9d526-1d80-4a64-a91d-7dea5f75bcd9?r=a13t"
rel="" moz-do-not-send="true">here</a></figcaption></figure>
</div>
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em 0;">Another
important aspect of antibodies is not just the
sheer number we have, but also the ability for the
same antibody to recognize different variants of
the same part of spike. Scientists found that
antibodies among people 65+ years old were less
likely to recognize multiple variants’ spikes
compared to antibodies among those less than 65
years old. </p>
<h4 class="header-with-anchor-widget"
style="-moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color:
#1a1a1a; font-family: 'SF Compact Display',
-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI',
Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color
Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol';
font-size: 1.125em; font-weight: bold;
line-height: 1.16em; margin: 1em 0 0.625em 0;
position: relative;">Second wall of defense: Solid
<div id="§second-wall-of-defense-solid"
class="header-anchor-widget" style="font-size:
16px; height: 100%; left: -56px; line-height:
26px; position: absolute; top: -72px; width:
56px;">
<div
class="header-anchor-widget-button-container"
style="align-items: center; display: flex;
font-size: 16px; height: 1.2em; left: 0;
line-height: 26px; position: absolute; top:
72px; width: 40px;"><a
class="header-anchor-widget-button"
href="https://substack.com/redirect/cb03791c-823f-47bd-a56d-9d62f038ff13?r=a13t"
style="align-items: center; border-radius:
50%; color: #1a1a1a; display: none; height:
40px; justify-content: center;
text-decoration: underline; width: 40px;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><svg
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24"
fill="none" stroke="currentColor"
stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"
stroke-linejoin="round"
class="header-anchor-widget-icon"
style="height: 20px; stroke: #9a9a9a;
width: 20px;"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0
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1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0
00-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 007.07
7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></div>
</div>
</h4>
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em 0;">Another
line of defense are memory B cells. When we come
in contact with a virus after having been
vaccinated or previously infected, B cells
remember what they need to create and start
pumping out antibodies to help fight the virus. B
cells can be quickly called in the event that more
antibodies are needed. </p>
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em 0;"><span>An </span><a
href="https://substack.com/redirect/30f090ca-9528-4b30-8664-aeb0833cf141?r=a13t"
rel="" style="color: #0068ef; text-decoration:
none;" moz-do-not-send="true">article</a><span>
published this week showed that B cell levels
largely did </span><em>not </em><span>differ
by age, which is great news. This wall of
defense is solid. The challenge, however, is
that for B cells to live up to their potential,
they need the help of another wall: T cells.</span></p>
<h4 class="header-with-anchor-widget"
style="-moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color:
#1a1a1a; font-family: 'SF Compact Display',
-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI',
Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color
Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol';
font-size: 1.125em; font-weight: bold;
line-height: 1.16em; margin: 1em 0 0.625em 0;
position: relative;">Third wall of defense:
Degraded
<div id="§third-wall-of-defense-degraded"
class="header-anchor-widget" style="font-size:
16px; height: 100%; left: -56px; line-height:
26px; position: absolute; top: -72px; width:
56px;">
<div
class="header-anchor-widget-button-container"
style="align-items: center; display: flex;
font-size: 16px; height: 1.2em; left: 0;
line-height: 26px; position: absolute; top:
72px; width: 40px;"><a
class="header-anchor-widget-button"
href="https://substack.com/redirect/2a5359e8-b0d7-4b5d-a443-f1f3fe9d8290?r=a13t"
style="align-items: center; border-radius:
50%; color: #1a1a1a; display: none; height:
40px; justify-content: center;
text-decoration: underline; width: 40px;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><svg
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24"
fill="none" stroke="currentColor"
stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"
stroke-linejoin="round"
class="header-anchor-widget-icon"
style="height: 20px; stroke: #9a9a9a;
width: 20px;"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0
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1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0
00-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 007.07
7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></div>
</div>
</h4>
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em 0;"><span>The
third wall of defense is T cells. T cells are a
</span><a
href="https://substack.com/redirect/8d13e042-a930-4c95-8859-40fae0e4058e?r=a13t"
rel="" style="color: #0068ef; text-decoration:
none;" moz-do-not-send="true">key factor</a><span>
in determining the outcome of infections (severe
or mild disease). There are two major groups of
T cells. </span></p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 8px;
margin-right: 0; margin-top: 4px;
mso-special-format: bullet;">
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0; margin-bottom:
0;"><em><strong>Killer T cells </strong></em><span>recognize
and kill infected cells</span></p>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 8px;
margin-right: 0; margin-top: 4px;
mso-special-format: bullet;">
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0; margin-bottom:
0;"><em><strong>Helper T cells</strong></em><span>
help B cells make antibodies and instruct B
cells to make better antibodies</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em 0;">This means
that while T cells can’t stop infections from
happening altogether, they can rapidly control
them once they start, potentially even to the
point that people don’t have symptoms. </p>
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em 0;"><span>But
there’s a challenge with T cells. Once we reach
puberty, the thymus (the organ that gives rise
to T cells) gradually degrades into a useless
blob of fat and we stop making new T cells.
There’s an especially </span><a
href="https://substack.com/redirect/f09ca59c-af75-476b-be75-70dbf59378d0?r=a13t"
rel="" style="color: #0068ef; text-decoration:
none;" moz-do-not-send="true">big decline</a><span>
once we hit about age 40. This is usually okay
because we typically accumulate all of the T
cells we need throughout our lifespan. Unless a
totally new microbe comes along that we have no
exposure to (and fortunately, though SARS-CoV-2
is new, it’s still a coronavirus, so there is T
cell memory from old coronavirus infections to
work with). But as we get older, just like the
rest of the body, our T cells age too. </span></p>
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em 0;"><span>Unfortunately,
we see T cell dysfunction in COVID-19. An</span><a
href="https://substack.com/redirect/30f090ca-9528-4b30-8664-aeb0833cf141?r=a13t"
rel="" style="color: #0068ef; text-decoration:
none;" moz-do-not-send="true"> article</a><span>
published this week showed that the diversity of
T cells for those aged 50+ years is much more
limited than those under 50 at infection. Once
symptoms resolved, there was restoration but
people over 50 can’t really make full use of
this unless they are infected again. </span></p>
<h4 class="header-with-anchor-widget"
style="-moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color:
#1a1a1a; font-family: 'SF Compact Display',
-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI',
Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color
Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol';
font-size: 1.125em; font-weight: bold;
line-height: 1.16em; margin: 1em 0 0.625em 0;
position: relative;">Implications
<div id="§implications"
class="header-anchor-widget" style="font-size:
16px; height: 100%; left: -56px; line-height:
26px; position: absolute; top: -72px; width:
56px;">
<div
class="header-anchor-widget-button-container"
style="align-items: center; display: flex;
font-size: 16px; height: 1.2em; left: 0;
line-height: 26px; position: absolute; top:
72px; width: 40px;"><a
class="header-anchor-widget-button"
href="https://substack.com/redirect/48e8498d-aafc-431f-9ed8-af16977d117f?r=a13t"
style="align-items: center; border-radius:
50%; color: #1a1a1a; display: none; height:
40px; justify-content: center;
text-decoration: underline; width: 40px;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><svg
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24"
fill="none" stroke="currentColor"
stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"
stroke-linejoin="round"
class="header-anchor-widget-icon"
style="height: 20px; stroke: #9a9a9a;
width: 20px;"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0
007.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 00-7.07-7.07l-1.72
1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0
00-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 007.07
7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></div>
</div>
</h4>
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em 0;"><span>Two
of the three defense walls among people over 50
years old have more holes than those of younger
people. Comorbidities also increase with age,
which means the immune response in general is a
lot more taxed. This means the rate of
breakthrough cases, and specifically </span><em>severe
</em><span>breakthrough cases, is substantially
higher for older people. </span></p>
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em 0;"><span>The
good news is that the immune system is still
working for a majority of people. We clearly see
that the risk of severe disease even in the very
elderly </span><a
href="https://substack.com/redirect/94861a88-0e4b-478b-b798-223cc4cd76ed?r=a13t"
rel="" style="color: #0068ef; text-decoration:
none;" moz-do-not-send="true">dramatically
declines</a><span> with even just the primary
vaccine series. </span></p>
<div class="captioned-image-container-static"
style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;
margin-bottom: 16px; text-align: center;">
<figure style="display: inline-block; margin: 0
auto; width: 100%;">
<table class="image-wrapper" style="margin: 8px
auto; mso-padding-alt: 1em 0 1.6em;"
width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><br>
</td>
<td class="content" style="text-align:
center;" width="630" align="left"><a
class="image-link" target="_blank"
href="https://substack.com/redirect/074ea170-42c7-4bb9-9339-4e2b362434bd?r=a13t"
rel="" style="align-items: center;
border: none; display: block;
flex-direction: column; height: auto;
margin: 0; padding: 0; position:
relative; text-decoration: none;
width: auto;" moz-do-not-send="true"><img
data-attrs="{"src":"https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dfad30d9-626f-4b23-a677-3d075080c826_1600x841.png","fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":765,"width":1456,"resizeWidth":630,"bytes":null,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":null,"href":null,"belowTheFold":true}"
alt="" class="wide-image"
src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1260,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfad30d9-626f-4b23-a677-3d075080c826_1600x841.png"
style="-ms-interpolation-mode:
bicubic; border: none !important;
display: block; height: auto;
margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 0;
max-width: 100% !important;
vertical-align: middle; width: auto
!important;" moz-do-not-send="true"
width="550"
height="288.97664835164835"></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<figcaption class="image-caption" style="color:
#767676; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:
14px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.4em;
text-align: center;">(CDC)</figcaption></figure>
</div>
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em 0;">However, it
may take more doses to coax immune systems into
doing the things we want. This may mean more
frequent boosting in older age groups. We already
see benefits with older people vaccinated with one
booster dose having 4 times the risk of dying
compared to people with two booster doses.
(Unvaccinated people had 42 times the risk of
dying from COVID-19 compared to those with 2
boosters.)</p>
<div class="captioned-image-container-static"
style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;
margin-bottom: 16px; text-align: center;">
<figure style="display: inline-block; margin: 0
auto; width: 100%;">
<table class="image-wrapper" style="margin: 8px
auto; mso-padding-alt: 1em 0 1.6em;"
width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><br>
</td>
<td class="content" style="text-align:
center;" width="1456" align="left"><a
class="image-link" target="_blank"
href="https://substack.com/redirect/ca53bfca-a87c-4acb-8bc5-57c4e49ea272?r=a13t"
rel="" style="align-items: center;
border: none; display: block;
flex-direction: column; height: auto;
margin: 0; padding: 0; position:
relative; text-decoration: none;
width: auto;" moz-do-not-send="true"><img
data-attrs="{"src":"https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/841110ac-21a5-430c-8bdd-f2657bb32feb_1456x1025.png","fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":1025,"width":1456,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":null,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":null,"href":null,"belowTheFold":true}"
alt="" class="wide-image"
src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_2912,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F841110ac-21a5-430c-8bdd-f2657bb32feb_1456x1025.png"
style="-ms-interpolation-mode:
bicubic; border: none !important;
display: block; height: auto;
margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 0;
max-width: 100% !important;
vertical-align: middle; width: auto
!important;" moz-do-not-send="true"
width="550"
height="387.1909340659341"></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</figure>
</div>
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em 0;"><span>How
much each incremental booster helps (or does not
help) is something that we really don’t have a
good grip on </span><em>prospectively</em><span>.
For example, we didn’t really know a second
booster was needed among 50+ year olds. We kind
of guessed and relied on data from Israel (and
the recent articles suggests why 50 might be a
key age). Retrospectively, we can see that this
was certainly the right policy call. But, the
FDA needs to require pharmaceutical companies to
test B cell and T cell functions—not just
neutralizing antibodies—to assess the added
benefit, instead of retrospectively determining
good or bad policy.</span></p>
<h4 class="header-with-anchor-widget"
style="-moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color:
#1a1a1a; font-family: 'SF Compact Display',
-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI',
Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color
Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol';
font-size: 1.125em; font-weight: bold;
line-height: 1.16em; margin: 1em 0 0.625em 0;
position: relative;"><strong>Bottom line</strong>
<div id="§bottom-line"
class="header-anchor-widget" style="font-size:
16px; height: 100%; left: -56px; line-height:
26px; position: absolute; top: -72px; width:
56px;">
<div
class="header-anchor-widget-button-container"
style="align-items: center; display: flex;
font-size: 16px; height: 1.2em; left: 0;
line-height: 26px; position: absolute; top:
72px; width: 40px;"><a
class="header-anchor-widget-button"
href="https://substack.com/redirect/d07cba12-4cf5-4c88-bd0e-7c724c2931f8?r=a13t"
style="align-items: center; border-radius:
50%; color: #1a1a1a; display: none; height:
40px; justify-content: center;
text-decoration: underline; width: 40px;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><svg
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24"
fill="none" stroke="currentColor"
stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"
stroke-linejoin="round"
class="header-anchor-widget-icon"
style="height: 20px; stroke: #9a9a9a;
width: 20px;"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0
007.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 00-7.07-7.07l-1.72
1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0
00-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 007.07
7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></div>
</div>
</h4>
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em 0;"><span>Only
</span><a
href="https://substack.com/redirect/4e41f6eb-ee10-4ce8-bf3a-bab5434b45da?r=a13t"
rel="" style="color: #0068ef; text-decoration:
none;" moz-do-not-send="true">39.8%</a><span> of
65+ year olds are up-to-date on COVID-19
vaccines. The best thing that this group can do
is to fill the holes in their immunity walls by
staying up-to-date. This also highlights that we
cannot rely on immune systems alone, especially
people aged 50+. </span><em>Everyone else</em><span>
also needs to </span><a
href="https://substack.com/redirect/8f318fd0-9660-4130-8df9-b4c2ac9ec5cf?r=a13t"
rel="" style="color: #0068ef; text-decoration:
none;" moz-do-not-send="true">do their part</a><span>
(still) to keep the more vulnerable safe. </span></p>
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em 0;">Love, YLE
and Edward Nirenberg</p>
<div style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;">
<hr style="background: #ebebeb; border: none;
height: 1px; margin: 48px 0; padding: 0;"></div>
<p style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 16px;
line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em 0;"><em>“Your
Local Epidemiologist (YLE)” is written by Dr.
Katelyn Jetelina, MPH PhD—an epidemiologist,
biostatistician, wife, and mom of two little
girls. During the day she works at a nonpartisan
health policy think tank, and at night she
writes this newsletter. Her main goal is to
“translate” the ever-evolving public health
science so that people will be well equipped to
make evidence-based decisions. This newsletter
is free thanks to the generous support of fellow
YLE community members.</em></p>
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